Myron (Discobolos):

see Chapter VII, pages 220, 225 and above page 263

 

"Village Sheikh": * see EndNote<A>

aka Kaaper, a wooden (sycamore) statue, 3.5 feet tall, depicts the corpulent Kaaper walking with a staff; the round, peaceful face is almost lifelike thanks to the eyes, made using rock crystal & small copper plates; cited as an example of the remarkable level of craftsmanship & realism achieved during the late 4th Dynasty.

 

King Phiops (Pepi): * see endNote<B>

aka Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332–2287 BC), 3rd king of the 6th dynasty of Egypt.  His reign was marked by aggressive expansion into Nubia, the spread of trade to far-flung areas such as Lebanon and the Somali coast, but also the growing power of the nobility. One of the king's officials named Weni fought in Asia on his behalf.  Pepi's mortuary complex, Mennefer Pepy, eventually became the name for the entire city of Memphis after the 18th Dynasty.  The decline of the Old Kingdom began during Pepi I’s reign, with nomarchs (regional representatives of the king) becoming more powerful and exerting greater influence.

 

Donatello (his David):* see EndNote<C>

Italian sculptor, from Florence, studied classical sculpture & used this to develop a completely new Renaissance style in sculpture; he spent time in Rome, Padua & Siena where he introduced this style to other parts of Italy.  He worked with stone, bronze, wood, clay, stucco & wax, and had several assistants.  His best-known works were statues in the round;  he also developed a new, very shallow, type of bas-relief for small works; much of his output was larger architectural reliefs.

and see Chapter VII page 221

 

votive images:

one or more objects displayed or deposited (without the intention of recovery or use), in a sacred place for religious purposes.  A feature of modern and ancient societies, generally made to gain favour with supernatural forces.  The Treasuries at Olympia & Delphi (including the Athenian Treasury and Siphnian Treasury) were buildings by Greek city-states to hold their own votive offerings in money and precious metal; the sites also contained large quantities of votive sculptures, intended to glorify each city in view of its rivals & give thanks to the gods. Votive offerings were also used as atonement for sins committed against a god or goddess.

 

Olympian victors (statues of): * see EndNote<D>

hundreds of real life bronze statues of Olympic victors were set on stone-inscribed bases near the temple of Zeus, Olympia.  These were votive objects with which athletes thanked Zeus for victory.  Included in the traditional events were the equestrian events, with numerous representations of horses, owners & the chariots.  Besides the devotional function, these votive objects demonstrated & immortalized the name, performance and polis of each victor.  Similar statues are also found in Delphi & other sacred sites where PanHellenic games were organized.  When Pausanias visited the sanctuary of the Altis in 175 AD hundreds of such statues were still preserved, and he dedicated part of his book Description of Greece to their description.  He gives us details about the these statues. In some cases the characteristic symbols of the event are depicted (for example, a wheel for an athlete of a chariot race).  In rarer cases, a characteristic posture of the athlete was depicted (e.g. boxing). Most likely, the majority of the statues followed a predefined type, as in the case of the earliest statues that followed the Kouros type.

 

Lysippus:

see Chapter II, Numbers, page 90

 

Euclidean:

refers to plane geometry & solid geometry & the 2-dimensional plane and 3-dimensional space described within these geometries..  It includes Euclidean distance, the distance between pairs of points in Euclidean spaces.  For Spengler Euclidean is an adjective that describes the Apollonian mentality not just their study of mathematics.  It is a mentality that is concerned ONLY with the present, the specific point, corporality and NEVER the horizon, the future or the immaterial.