Netherlanders sculptors (at St. Denis from 1260): * see EndNote<A>

Charles V (reign 1364-80) commissioned the first statue of a French king taken from life.  It is the first official portrait in the history of funerary statuary & one of the finest masterpieces of medieval sculpture.  At age 27, king Charles (a great patron of the arts) commissioned his funerary statue (destined for St Denis) from André Beauneveu, one of the most celebrated sculptors of the age. 

 

portraits (Holbein, Titian, Rembrandt or Goya): * see endnote<B>

 

patent:

to originate and establish as one's own.

 

Freethinker:

philosophical viewpoint which holds that truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason & empiricism, not authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma; a person who forms their own ideas & opinions rather than accepting those of other people, especially in religious teaching.  The term first used in the 17th century to indicate people who inquired into the basis of traditional religious beliefs.  It is most closely linked with secularism, atheism, agnosticism, anti-clericalism & religious critique.

 

auricular confession:

In the Roman Catholic Church, the obligation by divine law of confessing one's grave sins, committed after baptism, to a qualified priest.  It is called auricular confession because concession is normally done by word of mouth & heard by the priest before absolution. (Latin auricular- the external ear).

 

Rembrandt:

see Chapter I, page 23, Chapter II page 81, Chapter III pages 101, 103, 112, Chapter VI page 183, Chapter VII pages 222, 239, 251, 253

 

Beethoven:

see Chapter II age 81, Chapter VII page 220

 

Raphael:

see Chapter III page 109, chapter IV page 136, Chapter VII pages 237, 245

 

Caldero:

see Chapter IV page 148

 

Haydn:

see Chapter II page 78

 

Holderlin:

In the late 1790s Hölderlin was diagnosed with schizophrenia ("hypochondrias").  In 1802, following travels abroad, he arrived home in Nürtingen physically & mentally exhausted; he then learned that Susette Gontard (a married woman whom he loved) had died from influenza.   After 2 years in Nürtingen, he was taken to the court of Homburg by Isaac von Sinclair, who found a sinecure for him; in 1805 von Sinclair was denounced as a conspirator & tried for treason & Hölderlin was in danger of being tried too.  However he was declared mentally unfit to stand trial.  In 1806, he was delivered to a clinic at Tübingen, attached to the University of Tübingen.  In 1807 he was discharged as incurable & given 3 years to live.  He was taken in by the carpenter Ernst Zimmer & given a room in his house in Tübingen.  He would live the next 36 years in this room until his death in 1843.

and see Chapter VII page 250

 

pointwise:

adjective Mathematics; occurring at each point of a given set

 

ahistorically:

without concern for history or historical development; indifferent to tradition

 

somatically:

of the body; bodily; physical.

 

"Werther":

aka The Sorrows of Young Werther, by Goethe (age 24), written & published 1774; a loosely autobiographical epistolary novel; one of the most important novels in the Sturm und Drang period in German literature, influenced the later Romantic movement.  Instantly made Goethe a celebrity; it remains among the best known of his works.

 

"Tasso"

aka Torquato Tasso, play in verse by Goethe about the sixteenth-century Italian poet and courtesan Torquato Tasso & his descent into madness.  The composition  began in Weimar in 1780; most of it was written between 1786-88, while Goethe was in Italy; completed play in 1790.

and see Chapter III page 110

 

Scopas:

395-350 BC, Greek sculptor & architect famous for his statue of Meleager (surviving only in replicas), the copper statue of "Aphrodite" & the head of goddess Hygieia; he is the successor to the Classical sculptor Polykleitos.  Born on the island of Paros, his father was the sculptor Aristandros.  He left Paros at an early age and travelled throughout the Hellenic world.  He worked with Praxiteles & sculpted parts of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (the reliefs).  He led the building of the new temple of Athena Alea at Tegea.  He is artistically a successor of the Classical Greek sculptor Polykleitos. The faces of the heads are almost in quadrat. The deeply sunken eyes & a slightly opened mouth are his hall marks.

 

Polycletus:

see Chapter I page 27, Chapter III page 112

 

Phidias:

see Chapter I page 23

 

Michelangelo (anatomy): * see EndNote<C>

The regular practice of dissecting bodies at the Santo Spirito hospital in Florence explains the artist’s expert knowledge of anatomy.  He was a guest of this convent when he was seventeen years old, after the death of his protector Lorenzo de’ Medici.  Here he could make anatomical studies of the corpses coming from the convent’s hospital; in exchange, he is said to have sculpted the wooden crucifix which was placed over the high altar.

​

physiognomy:

the outward appearance of anything, taken as offering some insight into its character

 

Michelangelo (his Slaves): * see EndNote<D>

aka The Rebellious Slave, and The Dying Slave, both 2.15m high marble, dated 1513-16; the Rebellious Slave is trying to free himself from the fetters which hold his hands behind his back, contorting his torso and twisting his head.  The impression given, which would have contributed to the spatial appearance of the monument, was that he was moving towards the viewer, with his raised shoulder and knee.  The iconographic significance is open to speculation (the Arts taken prisoner after the death of Julius II) or they might reflect Michelangelo's personal life & his "torments".

 

Praxiteles (Hermes):

aka Hermes & the Infant Dionysus, the Hermes of Praxiteles or the Hermes of Olympia; a Greek sculpture of Hermes & infant Dionysus discovered at the Temple of Hera, Olympia; attributed to Praxiteles, dated 4th century BC; no ancient replicas of it have been identified it would not seem to be one of Praxiteles' famous works.

and see Chapter VII page 226