chromatics (musical):

Music- of, relating to, or giving all the tones of the chromatic scale; avoidance of diatonic

 

de Rore:

see above page 236

 

Luca' Marenzio:

1554-99, Italian late Renaissance  composer & singer, composers of madrigals, writing famous examples of the form in its late stage of development, prior to its early Baroque transformation by Monteverdi.  He wrote 500 madrigals, ranging from the lightest to the most serious styles, packed with word-painting, chromaticism & other characteristics of the late madrigal style. He was influential as far away as England, where his earlier, lighter work appeared in 1588 in the Musica Transalpina, the collection that initiated the madrigal craze in that country. He worked for several aristocratic Italian families, including the Gonzaga, Este & Medici, spent most of his career in Rome.

 

chromatics (pictorial):

Painting-of or relating to colour or colour phenomena or sensations

 

Rembrandt:

See Chapter I page 23, Chapter II page 81, Chapter III pages 101, 103, 112  Chapter VI page I83, Chapter VII pages 222, 239.

 

Beethoven:

See Chapter II  page 81, Chapter V  page 177, Chapter VII page 220

 

somatic:

of the body; bodily; physical.

 

Vermeer:

see page 221 above

 

brown: * see Endnote<A>

a composite colour; can be produced for paint by combining red, black & yellow, or red, yellow & blue.   Caravaggio & Rembrandt used browns to create chiaroscuro effects, where the subject appeared out of the darkness.   With the exception of Gauguin, it was hated by the French impressionists, who preferred bright, pure colours.

 

Giorgione:

See above pages 239, 240

 

Port Royal: * see EndNote<B>

Cistercian abbey, SW of Paris established 1204; reformed in 1609 by abbess, Mother Marie Angelique Arnauld.  Her family became patrons & directed the abbey's subsequent history.  In 1625 the nuns moved to a new Port-Royal in Paris.  In 1634 the Jansenist  Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, Abbé de Saint-Cyran, became spiritual director of the abbey.  The abbey became intimately associated with Jansenism.  Through the 17th and into the 18th centuries, Jansenism was a distinct movement away from the Catholic Church. The theological centre for the movement was Port-Royal, a haven for Jansenist writers including du Vergier, Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal and Jean Racine. 

 

Leibniz:

In 1672 Leibniz went to Paris where he met Antoine Arnauld, a leading French philosopher & jansenist.  Arnauld had already written Port royal Logic (1662).  In Paris Leibnitz studied the writings of Descartes & Blaise Pascal (a Jansenist), unpublished as well as published.  Leibniz dated his beginnings as a philosopher to his Discourse on Metaphysics (1686), a commentary on a running dispute between Nicolas Malebranche and Antoine Arnauld.  This short treatsie develops a philosophy concerning physical substance, motion, resistance of bodies & God's role within the universe.  It is one of the few texts presenting in a consistent form the earlier philosophy of Leibniz.  It is closely connected to the epistolary discussion which he carried with Antoine Arnauld (1686-87) although Leibniz did not send him full text (which remained unpublished until the mid 19th century).  Leibniz's conception of physical substance is expanded upon in The Monadology (1714).  This is one of Leibniz's best known works representing his later philosophy. It is a short text which sketches in some 90 paragraphs a metaphysics of simple substances, or monads.

 

Constable: * see Endnote<C>

1776-1837 English landscape painter in the naturalistic tradition; born in Suffolk, known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale (area surrounding his home)  which he invested with an intensity of affection.  Most famous paintings include Wivenhoe Park of 1816, Dedham Vale of 1802 and The Hay Wain of 1821.  Today his  paintings are highly valuable, he was never financially successful. Elected to the Royal Academy age of 52. His work was embraced in France, where he sold more than in his native England and inspired the Barbizon school.  Spengler signally names him as “the founder of the painting of Civilization”.