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brown: *
LEFT: example of dramatic chiaroscuro effects from Caravaggio-David with the Head of Goliath. 1605
RIGHT: Impressionist painting, using pure colour-Claude Monet, Tulip Fields in Holland, 1886
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Port Royal: *
In 1637 a school at Port Roya l (the Petites écoles de Port-Royal )was established by intellectuals at the height of the Jansenist controversy. It became famous for its high quality education; playwright Jean Racine was a product of this school. In 1662 Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694) & Pierre Nicole, prominent members of the Jansenist movement, anonymously wrote a textbook called Port Royal Logic (in French Logique de Port-Royal). Arnauld was the leading Jansenist theologian of 17th century France. As well Blaise Pascal (also a Jansenist) contributed to the textbook. Written in French (not Latin) it became a popular text and was in use, as an exemplar of traditional term logic, into the 20th century. It exhibiting strong Cartesian elements in its metaphysics and epistemology & introduced a distinction between comprehension and extension. A definition with more qualifications or features (the intension) denotes a class with fewer members (the extension), and vice versa. This idea traces back through the scholastic philosophers to Aristotle's ideas about genus and species. Later it would be fundamental in the philosophy of Leibniz.
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Constable: *
Wivenhoe Park, 1816, painting of an English landscape park, the estate of the Rebow family.
