“outward dissimilarity”:

Again Spengler looks at analogies only this time analogies which do not appear similar but which have true morphological parallels.

 

Trajan and Rameses II:

(53- 117 AD) Roman emperor 98 to 117 AD;  remembered as a successful soldier-emperor as well as a successful administrator & philanthropist; declared by the Senate "the best ruler"; his extensive public building program reshaped Rome & left numerous enduring landmarks (Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Column).  His conquests brought in Arabia and rich Dacia; he warred against the Parthian Empire, sacked its capital & annexed Armenia & Mesopotamia, bringing Rome to its maximum territorial size.

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(1303-1213 BC) 3rd pharaoh from 1279 to1213 BC, 19th Dynasty; considered greatest pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire, ruled 66 years; led successful military expeditions into Syria, the Levant (reasserting Egyptian control) & Nubia; defended coast against pirates; a prolific builder of cities, temples & monuments, in Thebes built the Ramesseum, and rock temples at Abu Simbel; established new capital city of Pi-Ramesses in Nile Delta.

 

[both of these rulers worked during the Civilization period of their respective cultures, specifically during the Winter phase of final maturity]

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the Bourbons and the Attic demos: * see Endnote  69 

The Bourbons were absolute monarchs.  The king concentrated in his person legislative, executive & judicial powers; he was the supreme judicial authority, able to condemn to death without the right of appeal, punish offenses & annul them; he could make laws by decree & annul law;  Louis XIV (1638–1715) is the most famous of the Bourbons; he once stated:"L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the State!"). One of his steps in creating an absolute monarchy was the building of the Palace of Versailles; here he lived with his nobles, in order to control and watch over them.  and see page 4

 

This a reference to Athenian democracy, in which the people held supreme power.

 

[a correct analogy as both institutions were established governments, both were morphologically parallel, the demos active during the late Culture period (Summer phase) of the Classic higher culture while the Bourbon kings were active during late Culture period of Western culture (the Summer phase).

 

Mohammad and Pythagoras:

(570-632 AD) prophet & founder of Islam; ”God's Messenger”, born in Mecca, promoted monotheism & teaching of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus; viewed as the final prophet; united Arabia into a single Muslim polity & ensured his teachings, practices & the Quran formed the basis of Islam; age 40 received first revelation & in 610 began preaching; initially unsuccessful, fled Mecca for Median (622) where he united the tribes; returned 629 with an army of converts (10,000) & conquered Mecca; by his death all of Arabia had been converted.

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(570-495 BC) Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician & founder of Pythagorean movement; revered as a great scientist & mathematician (Pythagorean theorem); first to call himself a philosopher, influenced Plato; his writings (lost) provide a cosmology & exposition on nature of numbers, which he deemed to be the essence & source of all things; established the Pythagorean school of thought, politically conservative with a strict code of conduct, it included scientific, mathematical & religious thought.  We know little of the man or his school.

 

[both men established powerful religious movements (the Pythagorean largely forgotten), both men were active in the Culture period (prior to Civilization) and both active in the late phase of this period, the Summer phase]