Culture and Civilization:

the 2 main morphological stages, birth & youth, then maturity & decay; Spengler posits that the West entered the Civilization era about 1800

 

Cosmopolis:

an internationally important city inhabited by many different peoples reflecting a great variety of cultures & attitudes

 

Buddhism (Sankhya):

a rationalist school, 1 of 6 of Hindu philosophy, very influential, related to the Yoga school, founded by Kapila a Vedic sage who lived in the 6th or 7th century BC; it is enumerationist (counting) & posits knowledge can only be deduced from perception, inference & the testimony of reliable witnesses; regards the universe as consisting of consciousness & matter, existing in parallel, without affecting each other.  A living being is a state in which consciousness is bonded to matter, leading to the emergence of intellect & ego; both mind & thought are matter.  The existence of God is not considered relevant & the school denies God as a final cause; although an atheistic philosophy it deems the Vedas as a reliable source; scholars are divided on its origins, most see it as emerging from speculations on the Vedas, Brahmanas & Upanishads; some propose that it unites the doctrine of permanence (the Upanishads) with the doctrine of momentariness (Buddhism) & relativism (Jainism)

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Stoicism (Sophists): * see Endnote<A>

The Stoic school was established by Zeno of Citium in 301 BC; he taught at the Stoa Poikile ("Painted Porch", on the stoa, overlooking the Agora in Athens).  This locale gave his his school of philosophy its name.  Unlike the other schools (the Epicureans) he chose to teach in a public space.  Zeno was a pupil of Crates of Thebes (365-285 BC) who was a major player in the Cynics school.  The Cynics were established by Antisthenes (446-366 BC), a pupil of Socrates.  At this time the Sophists emerged as an influential form of education.  Its practitioners were professionals who took payment for their tuition.  They taught a wide range of subjects but were especially skilled in rhetoric, useful in a democratic polis where litigation was common.  Although Socrates (and Plato) denied being sophists, it is easy to see how they fit this trend.  Socrates did not charge for his “lessons” & did not use the traditional (passive active teaching) method.  However, he clearly swam in the 5th century ocean of new rationality, the same ocean as the Sophists swam.

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English sensualism: * see EndNote<B>

referenced in footnote 2- aka English Sensualists; in epistemology, a doctrine where sensations & perception are the basic & most important form of true cognition, as opposed to abstract ideas; developed by the English Sensualists, Locke & Hume and the English Associationists (Thomas Brown, David Hartley, Joseph Priestley).  These theories were closely linked to empiricism & scientific method.  In the 19th century it was very much taken up by the Positivists (Comte, Spencer)

 

Megalopolis:

a very large city; an urban region, often consisting of several large cities & suburbs that adjoin each other.