Demosthenes statue (Vatican): * see EndNote<A>

384 -322 BC, Greek statesman & orator of Athens whose orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess & gives insight into their politics & culture.  He learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20.  Demosthenes grew interested in politics & in 354 BC gave his first public political speeches.  He devoted himself to opposing Macedon's (Phillip II) expansion seeking to preserve his city's freedom, to establish an alliance against Macedon, to impede Philip's plans to conquer all the other Greek states.  After Philip's death, Demosthenes was a leader in Athens’s uprising against the Alexander. His efforts failed & the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction

 

character type:

In Greek Comedy, a character can be stereotyped into different "types."  Those central to the action are commonly referred to as: protagonist, antagonist, blocking character.  Slightly more peripheral were the stock characters & chorus.  A stock character is a character of the same general type appearing in a number of different plays.  It is also described as a familiar figure belonging by custom and tradition to certain types of writing.  The hero, villain, the court fool, the braggart soldier, wicked witch, confidant, young lovers, comic servants, and the foolish old man are all considered to be a stock character.

 

Aeschines (portraits): * see EndNote<B>

390- 314 BC, Athenian orator who advocated peace with Philip II of Macedonia and who was a bitter political opponent of the statesman Demosthenes.

 

portraits of Lysias (at Naples): * see EndNote<C>

445 380 BC, Greek professional speech writer, whose unpretentious simplicity became the model for a plain style of Attic Greek.  The son of Cephalus, a wealthy native of Syracuse who settled in Athens. Plato (the Republic) refers to father & son.  He studied in Italy, returned to Athens in 412 where he taught rhetoric.  In 404, during the reign of the Thirty Tyrants, he and his brother Polemarchus were seized as aliens; his borther was killed but Lysias escaped to Megara, where he helped the cause of exiled Athenian democrats. On the restoration of Athenian democracy in 403, he returned to Athens and began writing speeches for litigants.

 

Lucas Cranach: * see EndNote<D>

aka Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1472-1553, German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving, court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, famous for his portraits, of German princes & leaders of the Reformation (which he embraced with enthusiasm); close friend of Luther.  Considered the most successful German artist of his time.  He painted religious subjects, initially in the Catholic tradition, later conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion.  Cranach had a large workshop and many of his works exist in different versions; his son Lucas Cranach the Younger continued to create versions of his father's works for decades after his death.  

 

Tilmann Riemenschneider: * see EndNote<E>

1460-1531, German sculptor & woodcarver active in Würzburg from 1483; a prolific and versatile sculptors of the transition period between late Gothic and Renaissance, a master in stone and limewood.

 

Durer's Lucrezia: * see EndNote<F>

aka The Suicide of Lucretia, oil on lime panel painting, signed and dated 1518.  It shows the Ancient Roman heroine Lucretia (died  510 BC), wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, in a tall and narrow framing, in the act of killing herself rather than face the shame of being raped by her cousin Sextus Tarquinius. She stands in front of a cramped and harshly lit room containing the bridal bed on which she was raped. She looks to the sky, as if asking the gods to witness her suicide.  Her face betraying feelings of disgrace, as she stabs herself with a sword.  He produced a similar subject in an earlier 1508 drawing, in ink with wash on paper.

 

Durer (Italian studies): * see EndNote<G>

Durer visited Italy twice, in 1494-95 and 1505-07.  This time in Italy had a major impact. He wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice.  His drawings and engravings show the influence of others, notably Antonio Pollaiuolo, with his interest in the proportions of the body; Lorenzo di Credi; and Andrea Mantegna, whose work he produced copies of while training

 

Job (French cathedral-sculpture): * see EndNote<H>

Old Testament character, often portrayed as a man of great suffering after God tests his faith; God allows Satan to take his wealth, family, home and subject Job to great pain & poverty

 

Rubens (swelling bodies): * see EndNote<I>

see Chapter VI page 207

 

Praxiteles:

see Chapter VII, page 226 and above 264, 268

 

Scopas:

see above page 264

 

Signorelli (static of his bodies)

see Chapter VII, page 221, 239, 242