Phallus:

see Chapter I page 30, Chapter VI page 183

 

Lingam:

see Chapter IV page 136

 

Phidias:

see Chapter I page 23

 

Gothic (dawn):

style of medieval art, developed in Northern France in the 12th century AD, its architecture shows a distinct shift from the older Romanesque style; it spread to all of Western & much of Southern and Central Europe although in Italy it never quite effaced the more classical styles there.  The architectural statues of the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (1145) are the earliest Gothic sculptures, a revolution in style & the model for a generation of sculptors.  These monumental sculptures on the walls of cathedrals & abbeys were often typological in nature, showing stories of the New & Old Testament side by side.  Saints' lives were also popular.  The image of the Virgin Mary shifted away from the older iconic Byzantine Mary, into a more human & affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.  Gothic art also found expression in panel painting, stained glass, fresco & illuminated manuscripts.

 

Theotokos (Byzantine):

title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translation, Dei Genetrix means "God-bearer".  In use since the 3rd century AD, in the Syriac tradition in the Liturgy of Mari and Addai (3rd century) and the Liturgy of St James (4th century).  The Council of Ephesus (431 AD) decreed that Mary is the Theotokos because her son Jesus is both God and man: one divine person with two natures (divine and human) intimately and hypostatically united.

 

Mater Dolorosa, the Mother of God:

Latin- the grieving mother; names by which the Virgin Mary is referred to in relation to sorrows in her life. Mater Dolorosa is also a key subject for Marian art in the Church.  In 1232, seven youths in Tuscany founded the Servite Order (aka the "Servite Friars", or the "Order of the Servants of Mary"). Five years later, they took up the sorrows of Mary, standing under the Cross, as the principal devotion of their order.  The Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows grew in popularity in the 12th century under various titles, its roots possibly in the 11th century among the Benedictine monks. The first altar to the Mater Dolorosa was set up in 1221 at the Cistercian monastery of Schönau.

 

Frigga:

aka Frigg, Frija, Frea and Frige; in Norse mythology (the northernmost branch of Germanic mythology) a goddess, the wife of the god Odin.  In Old High German & Old Norse sources, she is also connected with the goddess Fulla.  The English weekday name Friday bears her name.  She is described as a goddess associated with foresight and wisdom and ambiguously associated with the Earth.  The children of Frigg and Odin include the gleaming god Baldr.  Due to the significant thematic overlap, scholars have proposed a particular connection to the goddess Freyja.

 

Frau Holle:

aka Mother Hulda or Old Mother Frost; German fairy tale from Children's and Household Tales collected by Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm (1812); it is the 24th story in the 1st volume of the book.  The legend originates from oral traditions in Central Germany (Hesse) & is still used in common expressions (eg"Hulda is making her bed" when it is snowing). Like many tales collected by the brothers Grimm the story teaches a moral: hard work is rewarded and laziness is punished.

 

Minnesinger:

see Chapter VII, page 229

 

Reims Cathedral (epic of statuary, 1250):

cathedral in Reims,"Our Lady of Reims, , dedicated to the Virgin Mary, famous for being the traditional location for the coronation of the kings of France.  Construction began in the 13th century and concluded in the 15th century, built to replace an earlier church, destroyed by fire in 1221.  The central portal is dedicated to the Virgin Mary.