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chromatic of string: *
The chord at the beginning of Wagner’s opera Tristan and Isolde (1865) is famously known as the Tristan chord. It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.
See example
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draped figures (of Gothic, Romanesque cathedrals): *
One of the few elements to survive from the mid-12th-century church, the Portail royal was integrated into the new cathedral built in Chartes after the 1194 fire. Opening on to the large square in front of the cathedral are the 2 lateral doors, first entry point for visitors to Chartres. The harmonious appearance of the façade results in part from the relative proportions of the central and lateral portals, whose widths are in the ratio 10:7 – one of the common medieval approximations of the square root of 2. The portals provide access to the interior & are the main locations for sculpted images on the gothic cathedral and it is on the west façade at Chartres that this practice began to develop into a visual summa or encyclopaedia of theological knowledge. The 3 portals each focus on a different aspect of Christ's role; his earthly incarnation on the right, his second coming on the left and his eternal aspect in the centre. The jamb statues affixed to the columns flanking the doorways consist of tall, slender standing figures of kings and queens from whom the Portail royal derived its name. They represent the kings and queens of the Old Testament – another standard iconographical feature of gothic portals.
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syllables: *
The basic unit in Greek & Latin prosody is a mora, defined as a single short syllable. A long syllable is equivalent to 2 morae. A long syllable contains either a long vowel, a diphthong, or a short vowel followed by 2 or more consonants.
Like Messenia, Arcadia was threatened by Spartan aggression but successfully resisted; at the battle of the Fetters (550 BC) they defeated the Spartans. Following this the Spartans changed their tactics, from conquest to alliance building and the Peloponnesian League emerged.
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For the next 2 centuries Sparta dominated the city states of the Peloponnesus. In 370, in an attempt to maintain some prestige & status (following their defeat by Thebes at Leuctra, 371 BC) they invaded Arcadia. The latter appealed to Boeotia (home of the polis Thebes). Boeotia responded and a large army (led by Epaminondas) marched on Sparta and then Messenia where the helots were already rebelling. Epaminondas made that rebellion permanent by fortifying the city of Messene.
