culture-man:

people who live in a higher Culture during the Spring and Summer periods, of growth and becoming; Spengler refers to this as a Culture.

 

civilization-man:

people who live in a higher Culture during the Autumn and Winter periods, of decline and become; Spengler refers to this as a Civilization.

 

Imperialism:

the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

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[Spengler posit that imperialism is a late phenomenon of the higher entities, the period of Civilization, the period of become, and within this period a late phase, Winter; examples of such empires are : Egyptian, Roman, Chinese, Indian;  these “may continue to exist for hundreds or thousands of years- dead bodies, amorphous and dispirited masses of men, scrap material from a great history- is to be taken as the typical symbol of the passing away.”]

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Lien-heng:

[or Lían Héng] a  theory, the "Horizontal Alliance", supported alliances with the State of Qin.  Spengler equate this system with imperialism.

 

Tsin:* see Endnote 65

[or Qin] an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty (1046- 256 BC); significant for achieving the first unification of the Chinese state in the ephemeral Qin Empire and establishing the principle of a meritocracy.

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Dschang Yi:* see Endnote 66

(365–310 BC) [or Zhang Yi] born in Wei  during the Warring States period of Chinese history; important strategist in helping Qin to dissolve the unity of the other states, and hence pave the way for Qin to unify China; an adherent of the School of Diplomacy, an advocate of horizontal alliance, unlike Su Qin.

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League of Nations:

established in 1920 in Geneva following the signing of the Versailles Treaty (ending WW I); Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

 

Hoh-tsung:

[or He Zong]  Vertical Alliance strategy, the "weak multitude against the one strong side", made up of the six states of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei united against Qin.   The Vertical Alliance, which supported alliance AGAINST the state of Qin, was opposed to the Horizontal alliance.

 

Spengler equates this with the League of Nations idea, in which many nations combine to oppose aggressor states.

 

Wang Hu:* see Endnote 67

(380–284 BC) [or Su Qin] influential political strategist during the Warring States period of ancient China. He was born in Chengxuan Village, Luoyang in present-day Henan Province.  He was a proponent of the Vertical Alliance system which aimed to offer protection against the Qin.  He was an 

 adherent of the School of Diplomacy.

 

Lao-tse:

(died 531 BC)  Chinese philosopher and writer, author of the Tao Te Ching, the founder of philosophical Taoism, and a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions.  A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Lived during the Warring States (5th or 4th century) his work has been embraced by both anti-authoritarian movements as well as Chinese Legalism.

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Cisalpine Gaul:

Geographic region in northern Italy; until its conquest by Rome in 220s BC, it was part of Gaul on the Italian side of the Alps, versus Gaul that was on the other side of the Alps (or Transalpine Gaul); a Roman province from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged into Roman Italy