Herder:

(1744 -1803) German philosopher of immense influence, a theologian, poet, and literary critic, associated with the Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism.  A student of Kant (University of Königsberg), he inspired Goethe to initiate his own Sturm und Drang literary style and would also influence Hegel.  A proto-German nationalist, he promoted the idea of Germany & the language.

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Hegel:

(1770-1831) German philosopher, critical figure in philosophical idealism; principal achievement was the development of "absolute idealism" in which the dualisms of, for instance, mind and nature and subject and object are overcome.  His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy.  His account of the master–slave dialectic has been highly influential; also of importance is his concept of spirit as the historical manifestation of the logical concept, and the "sublation" or integration without elimination of seemingly contradictory or opposing factors (eg opposition between nature and freedom); also famous for his theses/antithesis/synthesis model.

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Joachim of Floris: * see Endnote 35

(1145-1202) Italian theologian, founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore.  His writing established his mystical teachings, his doctrine of the "eternal gospel," founded on an interpretation of Revelation 14:6.

 

Hegelian stamp:

a follower of Hegel; in his reference Spengler is referencing Joachim’s use of antithetical states (ancient versus medieval) to produce the syntheses (the third and final state-modernity)

 

Augustine: * see Endnote 36

(354-430 AD) early Christian theologian and philosopher; writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was the bishop of Hippo Regius, north Africa; he is one of the most important Church Fathers of the Patristic Era.

 

Gothic:

pertaining to a style of architecture, painting, sculpture originating in France and northern Europe, in the middle of the 12th century and existing in the western half of Europe, characterized by a tendency toward realism and interest in detail.  Gothic architecture flourished in Europe originating circa 1150 AD in France; most famous for its great cathedrals; lasting into the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages; evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.