Galileo:

see Chapter I page 7 Chapter III page 111 Chapter VII page 236 Chpater IX pages 306, 307

 

Newton:

see Chapter I page21, Chapter II pages 71, 75 Chapter VIII page 282 and above pages 390, 391

 

cloisters of  Maulbronn: * see EndNote<A>

imperial, Cistercian abbey in the Holy Roman Empire, at Maulbronn, Baden-Württemberg; founded in 1147 by Cistercian monks who moved from Mühlacker; initially the abbey experienced rapid economic & political growth but declined late 13th & the 14th centuries until a return of prosperity in the 15th century; annexed by the Duchy of Württemberg in 1504; dissolved 16th century.

 

cloisters of St. Gallen: * see Endnote<B>

monastery founded 719 AD at St. Gallen by Othmar at the spot where Saint Gall built his hermitage; it flowered religiously, economically & culturally & from 747 to 1805 it functioned as an abbey & an adjoining urban centre grew up which became an independent city-state & home to 70,000 people.  One of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe, its library is one of the oldest monastic libraries in the world.  Its interior is richly decorated.

 

basilicas (of Syria): * see Endnote<C>

Spengler believed the Syrian Christian Church represented Magian (not Faustian) Christianity; it was however caught up in the “pseudomorphosis”, the eclipse of the young striving but weak Magian Culture by an older heavier but dead, Civilization- the Apollonian.  This is reflected in its architecture.  Instead of domes it employs a flat roof borrowed from the basilicas of Christian Rome (e.g. old St Peters). 

 

temples (Republican Rome): * see EndNote<D>

rectangular temple raised on a high podium, with a clear front & portico at the top of steps & triangular pediment above columns.  Sides & rear have less architectural emphasis & no entries.  The main room housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated, behind this were rooms used by temple attendants for storage & offerings. Worshipers rarely entered the interior; most public ceremonies were performed outside on the sacrificial altar located on the portico.

 

columns: * see EndNote <E>

the column was the prime symbol for the Apollonian Culture

see Chapter I page 9, Chapter II page 58 Chapter III page 110 chapter VI page 200, 204 Chapter VIII page 275

 

pillars & clustered-pillars (infinite subdivision interlacing lines & branches): * see EndNote <E>

Early French Gothic initially copied Roman columns of the Corinthian order, with finely-sculpted leaves (used in the ambulatory of Saint-Denis & later Sens).  In the High Gothic a new vertical form was introduced, a central core surrounded by several attached slender columns reaching up to the vaults (used at Chartres, Amiens, Reims).  Another variation was a quadrilobe column, 4 attached columns shaped like a clover.  In later Gothic, the piers became taller, reaching up more than half of the nave.  Popular in E. France, was a column which continued upward without capitals or other interruption, all the way to the vaults, giving a dramatic display of verticality.

 

Northern plains: * see endnote<F>

Tacitus (55-120 AD) described Germania magna as a land covered by horrid forests or loathsome bogs.  Unlike the Roman homelands, settled & farmed for centuries, 70% of Germania magna was forest.  Mountain ranges like the Black Forest were called Silva Abnoba, suggesting these trackless low mountain ranges were largely devoid of human influence.  On the plains north of these ranges were great, contiguous areas of forest, sitting as boundaries between the settlement areas of the Germanic tribes.

 

deciduous forest:

an environment dominated by trees which lose their leaves seasonally; they dominate the forest, although there may be some coniferous & broad-leaf evergreen trees, too; usually 3 to 4 species of trees per square kilometre, which include oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm & willow, also called hardwoods.

 

Romanesque ornamentation:

the focus of most Romanesque sculptural ornament was the portals of the west front.  Chevrons & geometric ornaments were commonly carved into the mouldings of the central door.  Stylized foliage often appears, sometimes deeply carved & curling outward after the manner of the acanthus leaves on Corinthian capitals, but also carved in shallow relief and spiral patterns, imitating the intricacies of manuscript illuminations.  French Romanesque produced especially fine interwoven and spiralling vines in the "manuscript" style.  In Italy the ornament is more classical; in England, Germany & Scandinavia it was more organic. 

 

late Gothic (naturalistic branches, shoots, twigs and leaves): * see EndNote<G>

art historians date the Late Gothic from the late 14th century (the court style of International Gothic) to the late 15th century.  In northern Europe, especially Germany, this Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century before being subsumed into Renaissance art.  It reached its height in Germany’s vaulted hall churches.  Other late Gothic styles include the British Perpendicular style and the French and Spanish Flamboyant style.

 

closing Baroque (naturalistic branches, shoots, twigs and leaves): * see EndNote<G>

Late Baroque (aka Rococo) 1700-1780, a style of architecture, art & interior design & decoration which combined asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white & pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes.  It replaced symmetry with graceful lines, asymmetrical curves and C-shaped volutes.  Flowers were popular (eg festoons made of flowers) & decorated much of the wall-panelling & furniture.  Rococo sculptured panelling contained elaborate trompe d'oeils (visual deception where objects are rendered in extremely fine detail emphasizing tactile and spatial qualities) using garlands and sprays of flowers inhabited by tiny birds and animals.

 

Cypresses and pines (corporeal and Euclidean effect):* see Endnote<H>

Cypress trees grow all over the world, its most iconic species, the Mediterranean cypress (aka Italian, Tuscan or Persian cypress), native to the eastern Mediterranean, was region cultivated as an ornamental tree for millennia throughout the whole Mediterranean region.

pines are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees growing 10–260 ft. tall, native to the Northern Hemisphere & in a few places in the tropics of the Southern Hemisphere. 

 

oaks, beeches and lindens: * see Endnote<H>

These species are found in forests of Germany.  One such, the Baltic mixed forest, is a woodland along the SW coasts of the Baltic Sea.  The European beech is the dominant tree but others, mostly deciduous with a few conifers, are also common; these include oak, elm, ash, linden, maple, hazel, rowan & birch.

 

ash:

a tree, mostly deciduous, 45–65 species of usually medium to large, widespread across much of Europe, Asia & N. America.

 

World-Ash Yggdrasil: * See Endnote<I>

in Norse cosmology an immense sacred tree, around which exists all else, including the Nine Worlds.  Referenced in the Poetic Edda (13th century from earlier sources) & the Prose Edda (also 13th century).  Yggdrasil is described as an immense, holy, ash tree, centre to the cosmos where the Gods gather daily for their traditional governing assemblies.  Its branches extend into the heavens; 3 roots extend into other locations, 1 to the well in the heavens associated with the norns, the other 2 linked to distant lands; creatures living within the tree include a dragon, eagle & 4 stags

 

aulos:

an ancient Greek wind instrument, a double pipe played with a double reed.

 

cithara:

aka kithara; a musical instrument of ancient Greece consisting of an elaborate wooden sound box having 2 arms connected by a yoke to which the upper ends of the strings are attached.  A professional version of the lyre (which was denigrated as a rustic instrument) it had 7 strings & was primarily used by professional musicians.

 

history of organ-building:

see Chapter II page 62 Chapter VI page 187