Indian preaching: * see EndNote<A>

In the 3rd century BC Ashoka began sending missionaries out to spread Buddhism across his Empire.  It soon reach Sri Lanka, and after the 5th century AD it spread into all of SE Asia.  In the north the message spread via commerce.  The Kushan empire (30–375 AD) controlled the Silk Road, a commercial artery running thru through Central & S Asia; they patronised Buddhism & built many Buddhist centres.  The Kushan empire spread Buddhism into Khotan, the Tarim Basin & China, eventually to the entire far east.

 

Classical rhetoric (Classical): * see EndNote<B>

rhetor is Greek for orator;  a rhetor was a citizen who regularly addressed juries & political assemblies, who had some knowledge of public speaking & skill with arguments; the rise of the democratic polis meant the rise of oratory; it was the medium by which political & judicial decisions were made, through which philosophical ideas were developed and disseminated; rhetoric was popularized & systematized in the 5th Century BC by the Sophists, teachers travelling from city to city, teaching in public places to attract students & offer an education.  The Sophists were popular, respected & well-paid but widely criticized for their claims.

 

Zola (his novels as journalism):

1840-1902, French novelist (of the literary school - naturalism), playwright, journalist; over half his written work is found in Les Rougon-Macquart, the collective title of 20 novels (subtitled Natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire), follows the lives of the members of the 2 titular branches of a fictional family between 1852-70; traces  the influences of violence, alcohol & prostitution which became more prevalent during the second wave of the Industrial Revolution.  Zola said: "I want to portray, at the outset of a century of liberty and truth, a family that cannot restrain itself in its rush to possess all the good things that progress is making available and is derailed by its own momentum, the fatal convulsions that accompany the birth of a new world."

 

Ibsen (his drama as journalism):

(1828-1906) Norwegian playwright; his early poetic & cinematic play Peer Gynt (1867) has strong surreal elements but after this he abandoned verse & wrote in realistic prose.  His later works examine the realities behind facades, revealing much that was disquieting to many contemporaries.  His most famous works are denunciations of society's moral values, notably: The Pillars of Society (1877), A Doll's House (1879) Ghosts (1881) & An Enemy of the People (1882).  His plays initially reached a wide audience as read plays rather than in performance since many of his productions were banned (even in Norway).  After 1879 he wrote for an explosive effect on intellectual circles.  He had a critical eye and conducted a free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality.  They have quickly become dated (a feature common to most journalism).  He relied on immediate sources, newspapers & second-hand report for his contact with intellectual thought (not books). He actively corresponded with critics, publishers, theatre directors & newspaper editors on the subject. The interpretation of his work, by critics & directors, concerned him greatly.

 

missionarism (of Primitive Christianity):

aka Apostolic Age, the years after the death of Jesus until the death of all the Apostles, it was named for the missionary activities of the Apostles.  The first Christians (the disciples) were all ethnically Jewish, Jesus was Jewish, he preached to the Jewish people, his first disciples were Jewish; Jewish Christians regarded "Christianity" as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition that Jesus was the Messiah.  Spengler’s point is that the Primitive Church was a Jewish therefore Magian religion, and as such shared with all Magian religions the urge to extend itself via missionary work.  Missionary zeal was not new for Magian religions; what was new was Paul’s propaganda (diatribe) attack into the heart of the Roman Empire.

Paul (as Hellenistic Greek):

Paul, though a devout Jew, had deep Hellenistic roots.   Born circa 5 BC, in Tarsus, son of a devout Jewish family, he was a Roman citizen by birth.  Tarsus was one of the larger trade centres on the Mediterranean coast, with a long history & renowned for its university.  During the life of Alexander Tarsus was the most influential city in Asia Minor.  Paul spoke Hebrew and possibly Greek as well, which might have been his first language.  In his letters, he drew heavily on his knowledge of Stoic philosophy, using Stoic terms & metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of the Gospel and to explain his Christology

 

Imperium Romanum:

Latin, the Roman Empire; post-Republican perio; as a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, N. Africa, and W. Asia ruled by emperors.

 

Boniface (as rural cleric/pope):

(675-754) leading Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire in the 8th century, the "Apostle of the Germans".   In   717 AD Pope Gregory II renamed him "Boniface", after the (legendary) fourth-century martyr Boniface of Tarsus), appointed him missionary bishop for Germania, a bishop without a diocese for an area that lacked any church organization or urban centres.  He organised the foundations of the German church & was made archbishop of Mainz by Pope Gregory III. He was martyred in Frisia in 754, along with 52 others, and his remains were returned to Fulda (Hesse Germany).

 

Cistercians (cultivating):

monastic order founded in 1098 at Cîteau, Burgundy (near Dijon, France), a breakaway group of Benedictines dissatisfied with the relaxed observance of their abbey who desired to live a solitary life with a strictest interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict.  Their new regulations demanded severe asceticism; they rejected all feudal revenues & reintroduced manual labour for monks, making it a principal feature of their life.  With compact broad estates & a large, disciplined, unpaid labour force, they developed farming without the hindrances of manorial customs.  In reclaiming marginal land and in increasing production, especially that of wool in the large pastures of Wales & Yorkshire, they played a large part in the economic progress of the 12th century and in the development of the techniques of farming and marketing.

 

Teutonic Knights (of the Slavonic East):

and see Chapter VI page 213  above page 349