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Socialism (ethical): *
In contrast to socialist approaches inspired by rationalism, historical materialism, neoclassical economics or Marxist theory (based on economic efficiency, rationality or historical inevitability), ethical socialism uses moral & ethical arguments; it is the official philosophy of several parties. It has synergy with Christian socialism, Fabianism, guild socialism, liberal socialism, social democratic reformism & utopian socialism. In Italy guided by politicians like Carlo Rosselli (1899-1937) social democrats began disassociating with Marxists & instead embraced liberal socialism & Keynesianism. They appealed to morality & communitarian, corporatist & sometimes nationalist sentiments. They rejected consistent systematic, scientific, materialist worldviews and the economic & technological determinism characteristic of both Marxism and economic liberalism.
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Epicurus: *
The closest he comes to considering “society” is his notion of justice as a social contract. Justice was an agreement made by people not to harm each other; the point of living in a society with laws and punishments is to be protected from harm so that one is free to pursue happiness. Laws that do not contribute to promoting human happiness are not just. Epicurus believed that the greatest good (for the individual ) was to seek modest, sustainable pleasure in ataraxia (tranquillity, freedom from fear) and aponia (the absence of bodily pain). Combined these 2 states constitutes happiness in its highest form. He advised shunning politics (it could lead to frustrations & ambitions, contradicting peace of mind and virtues) and likewise marriage.