endless space:

prime symbol of Faustian culture

 

body:

prime symbol of Apollonian culture

 

way:

prime symbol of Chinese culture

 

tomb temples of the Old Kingdom: * see Endnote <A>

mastaba or pr-djt (meaning "house for eternity" or "eternal house" in Ancient Egyptian) a type of  tomb built 2649-2150 BC, in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River). These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom.

 

pyramid temples of the Fourth Dynasty:* see Endnote<B>

the 4th dynasty is famous for the 3 Giza pyramids.  The largest of these was the great Pyramid of Khufu (2589–2566 BC), the 2nd pharaoh of the 4th dynasty.  Second only to Khufu was the pyramid of Khafre (2558–2532 BC), he was the 4th pharaoh of the 4th dynasty.  finally the much smaller pyramid of Menkaure (2532–2503  BC), 5th pharaoh.  These architectural achievements were the pinnacle of Egyptian Culture.

 

Sun temples of the Fifth Dynasty: * see Endnote <C>

Egyptian temples dedicated to sun god Ra, designates temples built by 7 pharaohs of the 5th Dynasty (Old Kingdom period).  Built in Abu Gorab & Abusir, both within 1 km of each other; modelled on earlier sun temple in Heliopolis.  Although 7 temples were built, only 2 have been uncovered: that of Userkaf & Nyuserre.  Userkaf (pharaoh from 2494-2487 BC) was founder of the 5th dynasty & started tradition of building sun temples at Abusir.  The last Sun temple was built by the 7th pharaoh, Menkauhor, who ruled late 25th century BC.  The next pharaoh, Djedkare did not carry on the tradition probably reflecting the rise of Osiris.  According to Middle Kingdom tales, the first few kings of the 5th Dynasty were triplets, progeny of the sun god Ra.  Some truth as the 2nd & 3rd kings of the 5th dynasty were brothers who shared an unusually strong devotion to Ra that lasted throughout the V & VI Dynasties.

 

Egyptian Culture (relief & painting): * see Endnote<D>

Egyptian painting commonly used registers, in which scenes were ordered in parallel lines, these “registers” separate the scene as well as provide ground lines for the figures.  Scenes without registers are unusual & generally only used to specifically evoke chaos; battle & hunting scenes will often show the prey or foreign armies without ground lines.  Registers were also used to convey information about the scenes—the higher up in the scene, the higher the status; overlapping figures imply that the ones underneath are further away, as are those elements that are higher within the register.

 

Egyptian Culture (ram & sphinx avenues):

 see Chapter IV, The Problem of World History(2), page 128

 

Egyptian relief work (3rd to 5th dynasties): * see Endnote <E>

the rule of Djoser marks the beginning of the Third dynasty immediately following the turbulent Second dynaty; dates are approximately 2686–2613 BC.  The 4th dynasty lasted from 2613 to 2498 BC.  The Fifth dynasty from 2498 to 2345 BC.