Augustan temple: * see Endnote <A>

Numerous temples of Augustus were built in the Roman Empire; 16 are known in Italy.  One of the best preserved is in Pula, Croatia ; built during the emperor's lifetime (between 27 BC-14 AD);  sits on a podium with a tetrastyle prostyle porch of Corinthian columns; measures 8 by 17.3 m  and 14 m  high with a richly decorated frieze; similar to a larger and more recent temple, the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, France; with the Maison Carree it is considered 1 of the 2 best complete Roman monuments outside Italy.

 

Sun temple of Baalbek (great forecourt): * see Endnote <B>

Baalbek, city in the Anti-Lebanon foothills east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, 53 mi les NE of Beirut.  In During Classical Antiquity, the city (known as Heliopolis) was home to the temple to Baʿal Haddu which was conflated first with the worship of the Greek sun god Helios & then with the Greek and Roman sky god under the name "Heliopolitan Zeus" or "Jupiter". 

 

nave:

see Endnote <C>

 

Hauran: * see Endnote<D>

region & people located in SW Syria extending into the NW corner of Jordan; it became the traditional eastern border of Roman Syria & possesses many well-preserved Roman ruins in the cities of Bosra, Shahba & the Decapolis.  The latter were a group of cities on the eastern frontier of the Empire in the SE Levant, clustered together owing to a common language, culture, & political status, a center of Greek & Roman culture in a region populated by Semitic-speaking people (Nabataeans, Arameans, Judeans).  Here the cultures interacted: the Greek colonists & the indigenous Semitic culture..  Conquered by Pompey in 63 BC the people welcomed him as a liberator from the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom.  They received political autonomy under Roman protection, each city given jurisdiction over its surrounding area.  Each minted its own coins & enjoyed elements of  self-governing status.  It was during the Roman period that the Kalybe developed.  This is a kind of temple typical of the Hauran region; the statue of the god was not housed in a cell, but was placed in the front of the temple; it was most likely a local, although Hellenized, deity.

 

porch:

see Endnote <C>

 

choir:

see Endnote <C>

 

apse:

see Endnote <C>

 

St Paul (Rome): * see Endnote<E>

aka Papal Basilica St. Paul outside the Walls,  founded by Constantine I over the burial place of St. Paul, & was consecrated by Pope Sylvester in 324; in 386, Emperor Theodosius I began erecting a larger basilica with a nave and 4 aisles with a transept, consecrated in 390 by Pope Siricius. The work, including the mosaics, was not completed until Leo I's pontificate (440–461). In the 5th century it was larger than the Old St. Peter's Basilica.  Under Pope St. Gregory the Great (590–604) the Basilica was extensively modified. The pavement was raised to place the altar directly over St. Paul's tomb.

 

temple of Aphrodisias Caria (Christian re-construction): * see Endnote<F>

Most of the monumental architecture in the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Caria (SW coast Asia Minor) dates from the Roman Imperial period, the efforts by the freedman Zoilos in the 30s or early 20s BC.  This temple was a prestigious Ionic building, pseudodipteral in plan, surrounded by a peristyle of 8 x 13 columns. A continuous sculpted frieze above the columns featured garlands held by small figure figures wearing eastern clothing and "Phrygian" caps.  During the High Imperial era the temple was surrounded by an elaborate Corinthian temenos (dated 2nd second century AD) consisting of stoas running along the north, west, and south sides of the temple. These stoas had monolithic, unfluted, grey marble columns topped with white marble capitals and entablature; a soffit band on the architrave was decorated with elaborate floral spirals.  The eastern wall of the temenos had a complex aedicular façade on the side facing the temple, with niches crowned by alternating triangular and arched pediments containing relief shields and axes.  About the same time a monumental gateway on the far eastern edge of the sanctuary was built; made up of 4 sets of columns it gave access to a large courtyard in front of the east façade of the temenos.  These columns employed variety of different styles: (spiral flutes, vertical flutes, no flutes) & sit on high podium bases.

 

fire temples Mesopotamia:

see page <<<<<>>>>>above

 

synagogues of Mesopotamia: * see Endnote<G>

The Dura-Europos synagogue is located in Dura-Europos, a town on the upper Euphrates (Syria).  It is

one of the oldest synagogues in the world.  Dura-Europos was a small garrison and trading city on the river at the frontier between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Parthian and finally the Sassanid Empires of Persia. It changed hands at various points but was Roman from 165-200 AD.  It was during this period that a private home was adapted as a synagogue.

 

temple of Athtar (S Arabia):* see Endnote<H>

Barāqish NW Yemen, site of ancient city of Yathill , a citywas surrounded by a wall 14 meters high, much of which is still visible today; this wall had 57 towers and two gates. Inscriptions mention that the wall was rebuilt by the Sabaeans in 450 BC.. Its origins are very archaic 1000 BC, but it reached its peak of importance in about 400 BC when it became the capital of the Minaean Kingdom. The Minaeans however shifted their capital to Qarnāwu, and Yathill remained a sort of religious center.  There is the ruins of a temple, located in the southern part of the city are considered by archaeologist to have been dedicated to the god Athtar. It is very typical of the Minaean style and consists of 16 columns and beams.

see illustration