cognizing ego:

meaning the perceiving self (cognize: to perceive; become conscious of, know; ego:  the “I” or self of any person, as thinking, feeling, & willing, and distinguishing itself from others and from objects of its thought).

 

Otto the Great

see above page 335 Saxon Emperors

 

Franks:

see Chapter VI page 106

 

Hohenstaufen:

dynasty originally ruling the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, went on to rule the Holy Roman Empire 1138-1254.  It’s most prominent kings were Frederick I (1155), Henry VI (1191) and Frederick II (1220) who all ascended to the imperial throne & also ruled Italy and Burgundy.  Under their rule the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent from 1155 to 1268.

 

Gregory VII:

see chapter VI page 198

 

Innocent III:

see chapter VI page 198

 

Spanish Hapsburgs:

dynasty starting with Charles (1516-56) & his son Phillip II (1527–1598), ruling until Charles II (1665–1700); who controlled territory in the Americas, the East Indies, Low Countries, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, lands in France & Germany as well as the Portuguese Empire (1580- 1640), small  enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa

 

“on whose Empire the Sun will never set”:

description originally used for the universal monarchy of the European & American dominions of Spanish Habsburgs notably Emperor Charles V & later his son Philip II of Spain & his successors (16th  thru 18th centuries).  In the 19th & early 20th centuries used for the British Empire, when that empire achieved a territorial size larger than any previous empire in history.

 

Alexander’s conquest (unwilling companions):

At the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC Alexander defeated Porus.  It was a costly victory.  Now Alexander was anxious to push his conquests still further.  However his army was exhausted & homesick.  Soon they might face the Nanda army (supposedly 5 times larger than the Macedonians).  The army mutinied at the Hyphasis (Beas River) and refused to march further east. Coenus was the first of his commanders who had the boldness to urge the necessity of returning home, and the king was obliged to follow his advice

 

Dryads:

a tree nymph or tree spirit in Greek mythology; Drys signifies "oak" in Greek, dryads are specifically the nymphs of oak trees, although used for tree nymphs in general or human-tree hybrids in fantasy. Considered very shy creatures except around the goddess Artemis, a friend to most nymphs.

 

Oreads:

in Greek mythology a mountain nymph.  Several different types as each are named according to their dwelling: the Idaeae (from Mount Ida), Peliades (from Mount Pelion); associated with Artemis, since when hunting, preferred mountains.

 

rim of the Mediterranean: * see EndNotes<A>

in the eastern & western Mediterranean, and in the Black Sea, the pattern of Greek colonization closely hugged the coastline,

see illustration

 

Spanish conquest:

famously Cortez conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–21) and Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca (1532-72); in both cases a tiny band of men (Cortez had 630 soldiers & Pizarro had 168) overcome vast rich & powerful native empires.

 

California gold rush:

gold was discovered in California in 1848, triggering the gold rush of 1849; some 300,000 miners & adventurers poured in, from the eastern US, Latin America, Europe, Australia & China; half arrived by sea, half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail.

 

new city (from old- Greek colonies)

the founding of Greek colonies was an organised enterprise by the home polis or metropolis; the locale was selected in advance by the metropolis with the aim of offering business advantages & security from raiders.  The system of governance usually took a form similar to that of the metropolis.  Close links also existed between colonies & the metropolis based on legal jurisdiction as well as military duty owed to the metropolis.

 

ζώον πολιτκόν:

Greek, idiom - person driven by political motives (literally political animal)

 

Roman Empire (dispossessed earlier inhabitants):

the Empire was taken at the expense of other empires (notably Carthage, Macedonians,) kingdoms (such as Pontus & Ptolemaic Kingdom), and tribes, in particular the Gallic tribes north of Italy (Caesar 59-50 BC) & the Celts of Britain (Claudius 43-84 AD).

 

Romans (interior of Africa): * see EndNotes<B>

Between the first century BC and the 4th century AD, several expeditions and explorations to Lake Chad and western Africa were conducted by groups of Roman military and traders moved across the Sahara and into the interior of Africa and its coast. Their primary motivation was to secure sources of gold and spices.