Romanesque:

see Chapter II: The Meaning of Numbers, page 58 Endnote 8

 

Gothic:

see Introduction, page 19

 

Provence:

historical province of SE France, extending from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west & to the Italian border to the east, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea on the south.

 

troubadour:

a composer & performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry 1100–1350, origins late 11th century in S. France, spread to Italy & Spain. Under its influence, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia & Portugal, the trouvères in northern France. Dante in his De vulgari eloquentia defined the troubadour lyric as rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and after 1348 it died out.

 

Hildesheim Cathedral:

medieval cathedral in Hildesheim, Germany, built 1010-1020 AD, Romanesque style, follows a symmetrical plan with 2 apses (characteristic of Ottonian Romanesque architecture in Old Saxony).  Its treasures include world-famous artworks, bronze works from the time of Bishop Bernward, Bernward Doors &Column, as well as 2 of the 4 notable Romanesque wheel chandeliers: the Hezilo chandelier and the Azelin chandelier.

 

Bishop Bernward:

(960 -1022 AD) 13th Bishop of Hildesheim from 993-1022 AD. during the era of the Saxon emperors (from Hildesheim); the city was then a center of power in the Holy Roman Empire.  Bernward aimed to give it a fitting mage.  He revived classical precedent by having his name stamped on roof tiles made under his direction.  He built up the cathedral district with a strong 12 towered wall & erected forts in the countryside to protect against attacks from neighboring Slavs.  He built numerous churches & fortifications for the defense of the city & protected it vigorously against Norman attack.

 

early Homeric Doric:

see Introduction, Doric Column, page 9 endnote 12

 

early Christian art: * see Endnote 10

produced by Christians or under Christian patronage from the earliest period of Christianity to 260 AD; identifiable Christian art only survives from the 2nd century onwards.   It used the same artistic media as the pagan culture, including fresco, mosaics, sculpture & manuscript illumination.  It used Roman forms & styles, including a proportional portrayal of the human body & impressionistic presentation of space.   Late classical style is seen in early Christian frescoes (the Catacombs of Rome) where most examples of this art are found.

 

Old Kingdom Egypt 4th dynasty:

known as  the "golden age" of the Old Kingdom, 2613-2494 BC; described as the Age of the Pyramids; The capital was Memphis, time of peace & prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is documented.  Old Kingdom combines Dynasties III, IV, V & VI.

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Romanesque-Gothic church porches of Saxony & S France: * see Endnote 11

The Church of St. Trophime church & former cathedral located in Arles, S. France; built between the 12th-15th century, in the Romanesque architectural tradition. The sculptures over the church's portal, particularly the Last Judgement, and the columns in the adjacent cloister, are considered some of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture.

 

early Christian catacombs:

Some 40 underground burial places in Rome; from 2nd century AD inhumation (burial of unburnt remains) replaced cremation, the Roman custom; (Christians preferred burial to cremation owing to their belief in bodily resurrection at the Second Coming); graves or sarcophagi became fashionable, these were often elaborately carved; important for study of Early Christian art as they represent most of the surviving artwork from before 400 AD, in fresco, sculpture, also gold glass medallions.

 

Dipylon vase:

see Dipylon pottery Chapter II: The Meaning of Numbers, page 73 Endnote 46

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The early Middle Kingdom:

(aka The Period of Reunification) period in Egypt between 2050-1710 BC, from the reunification of Egypt under Mentuhotep II (11th Dynasty) to the end of the 12th Dynasty.  With the end of the Old Kingdom Pharaonic power weakened & decentralization started (known as the First Intermediate Period).  Late in this period 2 rival dynasties (10th, of north Lower Egypt versus 11th, southern Egypt) fought.  Mentuhotep II (southern dynasty) won & ascended the Theban throne in 2055 B.C.  He consolidated his power & reunited Upper & Lower Egypt in his 39th regnal year.  Regarded as the founder of the Middle Kingdom, he re-established control of regions previously lost.  In the south he campaigned against Nubia & restored control of Sinai.  He restored the cult of the ruler, depicting himself as a god in his own lifetime, wearing the headdresses of Amun and Min.  He died in the 51st year of his rule & passed the throne to his son, Mentuhotep III.

 

Peisistratidae: * see Endnote 12

common term for the 3 tyrants who ruled in Athens from 546 to 510 BC, namely Peisistratos and his two sons, Hipparchus and Hippias. 

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Emperor Justinian:

see Justinian I, Chapter II: The Meaning of Numbers, page 81

 

Counter Reformation:

period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Reformation crisis; began with the Council of Trent (1545–1563), ends at the close of the 30 Years' War (1648).  Initiated to maintain the power, influence & wealth of the Church & present a theological & material challenge to the Protestant challenge.  New seminaries were established for the proper training of priests, religious life was reformed by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, new spiritual movements emerged (Spanish mystics, French school of spirituality).  The Roman Inquisition & Jesuits were established.  Global missions were sent out to areas colonized by Catholic powers & attempts were made to reconvert Protestant lands (such as Sweden and England

 

and see theology of Counter-Reformation, Chapter II: The Meaning of Numbers, page 66