Apollonian soul:

Spengler’s term for the Greco-Roman civilization, which he dates from 1100 BC to 200 BC

 

philologist:

a scholar who studies literary texts & written records, determines their authenticity and their original form & meaning.

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aesthetic:

a person who develops notion of beauty, the ugly, the sublime, the comic, as applicable to the fine arts, with a view to establishing the meaning & validity of critical judgments of works of art, and the principles underlying such judgments.

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os intermaxillare:

(aka human intermaxillary bone)  refers to the premaxilla bone anterior to the maxilla bone found in the upper jaw of amphibians, reptiles & mammals.  The discovery of the bone in humans is credited to Goethe (1784).  In the mid-18th century, Dutch physician Petrus Camper (1722-1789) proposed that the anatomical difference between man &  animal was the missing intermaxillary bone in man, this being the feature distinguishing man as against monkeys.  This pro-Biblical theory became dogma.  Goethe, using reflection & coincidence, discovered the missing bone in the human skull, thereby providing anatomical evidence of the evolutionary connection between man & animals.

 

Herder:

see Chapter I- Introduction page 19

 

Leibniz:

see Chapter I- Introduction page 42

Darwin:

(1809-1882) English naturalist, geologist & biologist, known for his contributions to the science of evolution (On the Origin of Species, 1859).    He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors.  With Wallace he introduced the theory of natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. His discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

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Darwinism:

see Chapter I- Introduction page 35